Applications Of Behaviorism And Social Cognitive Theories

Applications of Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theories Shirelle Starwood Capella University Abstract This essay examines how Behaviorism and Social Cognitive theories are applied to everyday learning experiences. Behaviorism suggest that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns. The basic tenets of Behaviorism are as follows: all behavior is learned from the environment and rejects the idea that people have free will to do what they want. Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion, all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association). Social cognitive theory is the view that people learn by watching others. The basic tenets of the Social Cognitive theory are as follows: Response consequences (such as rewards or punishments) influence the likelihood that a person will perform a particular behavior again in a given situation, humans can learn by observing others, in addition to learning by participating in an act personally. Learning by observing others is called vicarious learning, and individuals are most likely to model behavior observed by others they identify with. Identification with others is a function of the degree to which a person is perceived to be similar to one s self, in addition toShow MoreRelatedExploring Cognitive Behavior Theory And Therapy897 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Cognitive Behavior Theory and Therapy From the time of the advent of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and therapy until now, psychologists have searched for new and better ways to both understand and treat the human psyche. Many psychologists have spent their lives analyzing the complexities of human thought, behavior, and interactions with societal influences in order to find new ways to guide humans towards a more fulfilling human experience. Throughout time, various theories and modelsRead MoreBehavior Modification Essay example839 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological theory of human behavior. It evolved from the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the modification of problem behaviors. The theory is based on a psychological model of human behavior that rejects the psychoanalytic or quasi-disease model of mental illness. Approaches to behavior modification assume that abnormal behavior is acquired and maintained in the same manner as normal behavior and can be changed directly th rough the application of social-learning principlesRead MoreLearning Theories : Learning Experience Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Theories 1. Learning experience The learning experience in question is focused on the time a new smartphone was acquired to replace a simple cellphone. The new phone was touch screen type, with Wi-Fi and improved connectivity. In addition, it had Bluetooth capability as well as microUSB capability as opposite to the older phone. The social media and communication applications like WhatsApp, Facebook, Skype, emailing capabilities, and twitter were also part of the new phone. The learningRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract An analysis of the history of cognitive psychology. Including key ideas, contributors, trends, etc. History of Cognitive Psychology According to G. Miller of Princeton University, cognitive psychology  is an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes. So, â€Å"since the beginning of experimental psychology in the nineteenth century, there had been interest in the study of higher mental processes. But something discontinuous happened in the late 1950s, something soRead MoreThe Field of Psychology840 Words   |  3 PagesPsychology is a discipline of social science that encompasses nearly every aspect of the human experience. The field of psychology addresses the entire gamut of human behavior and the complexities of emotion. Issues related to perception and cognition are included in psychological research. Neurobiology and neurophysiology also fall under the rubric of psychology. At the same time, psychology embraces less quantifiable variables in the human experience, such as emotional responses and altered statesRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesalso. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionismRead MoreApplying Learning Theories Of Learning1469 Words   |  6 Pages Applying Learning Theory to Life PSY 331 Catherine Vivi Ashford University Instructor: Steven Peters February 9, 2015 â€Æ' Applying Learning Theory to Life Epistemology, or in other words, the theory of knowledge, is the study of knowledge, what it is, how we acquire it, and our justifiable beliefs that are included in that study. Generally, the study of knowledge is done through a philosophical method. There are four basic theories of learning; those are behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivismRead MoreBehavioral Learning Child Development Observation1597 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Theories of child development can be tied to particular philosophical groundings of the major schools of psychology. This paper will provide the basis for the application of behavioral learning theory to an observation of three children in a natural context. A discussion of the rationale for choosing behavioral learning theory over cognitive, contextual, psychodynamic, or social-cognitive learning precedes the explication of behavioral learning theory. As summary of notes and conclusionsRead MoreSnapshot1702 Words   |  7 Pagesand psychopathology. Freuds theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality, repression, and the unconscious mind as general aspects of psychological development. These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly discussed in polite society. While Freud is perhaps best known for his tripartite model of the mind, consisting of the id, ego, and superego, and h is theories about the Oedipus complex, hisRead MoreBehaviorism Was A Slow Revolution1604 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism was a slow revolution that proved to become a popular study within psychology that lasted through the second decade of the twentieth century and through the beginning of the cognitive science revolution (Behjamin, 2014). During this time, there had been a vast amount of academic individuals that contributed to the multifaceted studies within the context of behaviorism. Many of the studies within this movement were based on the concept that all behaviors are the result of conditioning

Poverty in Africa Essay example - 1470 Words

African nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per capita income or per capita GDP, despite a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularly filled by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the vast majority of the population living on much less. In addition, Africas share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by any measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned about three times what the average African did. Now, the average European earns twenty†¦show more content†¦On each of these occasions, my only thoughts have been that God did not destine poverty, wars and suffering for Africans, else Africa would not have been richly blessed with abundant natural and human resources. As much as there are very genuine disadvantages hampering our progress economically like: ? Overpopulation, this is so with any society that largely depends on agriculture, African families are often very large. Most of the elderly rely on their children for support, and as much agriculture in Africa is labor-intensive, large numbers of children provide much needed labor for plowing, planting and harvesting. However, overpopulation is a serious problem in urban areas, which have grown enormously since the beginnings of African independence in the in the late 1950s and later. For example, in 1960, 14.5% of Nigerias population lived in urban areas, that number had grown to 43% by 2000, and is growing at an estimated 5.5% per year, compared to a 2.9% national population growth rate. This is a trend that can be seen throughout the continent. ? Misused Money, Over $500 billion (U.S.) has been sent to African nations in the form of direct aid. The consensus is that the money has had little long term effect. In addition, most African nations have borrowed substantial sums of money. However, a large percentage of the money was either been invested in weapons (money that was spent back in developed nations andShow MoreRelatedPoverty in Places Such as Africa786 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many different forces that cause poverty in America as well as other places around the world. All countries and or territories have some type of poverty, No one can deny that. Different forces such as bad government policy, overpopulation, high standards of living, costs of living, environmental degradation, and lack of individual responsibility are some of the forces that contribute to poverty. The poor in developing countries are trapped. They lack education, good nutrition, and a safeRead MorePoverty in Kenya, Africa868 Words   |   4 Pages Poverty is one of the biggest problems that the world faces in present time. The poverty that takes place in more underdeveloped countries such as Kenya, Africa, is majorly affecting the citizens because of the diseases that are being spread throughout the entire state, the lack of medical supplies that is needed for each doctor, and unsanitary water and a very insufficient amount of food. The health and well being of the citizens of Kenya, Africa is horrific, many of the diseases that are spreadRead MoreCause Of Poverty In Africa976 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern with poverty in the developing world. Lack of money has been the major cause of extreme poverty in many countries of the world for a long time. This is the biggest problem in Africa. Many different groups of people are being affected by this. This can cause terrible suffering and possibly even death. Poverty is the biggest problem because it leads to poaching, piracy, and the issue with child laboring and trafficking. Poaching is one of the leading effects of the poverty in Africa. There areRead MoreThe Poverty Trap Of Africa1689 Words   |  7 Pages11 AP 22 October 2014 The Poverty Trap Imagine a small village in Africa. What images come to mind? Is it small huts in a desolate village? Or how about exotic animals? The truth is that although some of these descriptions are accurate, they tend to leave out the pain and suffering of people. Every day 21,000 children die throughout different parts of the world (Shah). These deaths are the result of poverty as well as the conditions that come with it. Being in poverty is so much more than just notRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Africa1951 Words   |  8 PagesThose Who Judge Poverty. This word probably elicits the images of starving children in Africa with gaunt stomachs, ribs jutting out like the panels of a window shutters, and dead pleading eyes that beg for help, your help. And as the commercials would let you know, for only pennies a day you could aid in saving these children, which of course is a very noble thing to do. However, how come this is the only thing that comes to some people’s minds when contemplating poverty. While I am not condemningRead MoreThe Poverty Of South Africa1509 Words   |  7 Pageswithout a chance to truly achieve their potential. In South Africa it became extreme to the point where certain races could only live in certain areas; clearly it lasted much too long.The main reasons why it lasted so long was because of the segregational laws, failed rallies; and lack of a leader. First we need a basic understanding of the apartheid system in South Africa. Apartheid was the structure of government in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was Established by the National PartyRead MoreThe Poverty Of Nigeria, West Africa948 Words   |  4 Pagesswimming pool, and far more rooms than needed. Meanwhile, in a neighboring town just miles away is poverty stricken land where someone calls home. It is surrounded by trash, with little food to eat, as the stench of sewage from the local city coats the air. This scenario is foreign to people living in the United States. That is simply because this is a problem prevalent to ones living in Nigeria, West Africa. For decades, Nigeria has been infamously known for the non-progressive gap between the categorizationRead MoreRacism And Poverty : South Africa1640 Words   |  7 PagesSince it’s foundation, South Africa has faced significant issues with racism and poverty. From the times of colonialism, to the era of apart heid, South Africans have been segregated in discriminatory contexts that have left a large proportion of the population living in desperate conditions. This segregation by race and socioeconomic status still exists today and is extremely prevalent in modern South African society. Townships that are prone to violence and extreme poverty surround every major cityRead MoreEffects of Child Poverty in Africa1780 Words   |  8 Pagesof Child Poverty in Africa Throughout the world, children suffer and die every day from issues caused by poverty, a large number of poor children are in Africa. Poverty is the leading problem for the African children causing not only physical health issues; but emotional, educational, and social problems as well. Many of these children are very sick from the water they drink, not having enough food, or from extremely contagious diseases passed throughout their villages. Although poverty has theRead MorePoverty in South Africa Essay475 Words   |  2 PagesPoverty is one of the greatest problems facing South Africa. South African families live in very unsatisfactory conditions. The South African government works hard to bring down the rate of poverty but it also seems to increase as they try. The majority of the South African people are unemployed or else the breadwinner of the family looses the job or dies. In that situation the family has nobody to provide them with the basic needs of life. The children have no money to go to school and that alone

The Theology Of The Trinity - 2096 Words

The Trinity The Father: I AM that I AM. The first person of the Trinity: holy and eternal. He is the front of Deity (autotheos). He has no source but Himself, He is utterly transcendent and unknowable: â€Å"No man can come to the Father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Father is the ultimate source of the Godhead and of all things. The Son: The Word of the Father. He is the second Person (hypostasis) of the Trinity. He is eternally begotten of the Father, He is not made, â€Å"Begotten, not made.† His source is the Father’s Person (hypostasis), so he is not Deity (autotheos), but Divine. His divinity is inherited from the Father, despite having a source, He has always been. He never not existed. He was brought to the earth and carried by the Virgin Mary after she was filled with the Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ was fully human and fully God, two natures in one person: a hypostatic union. He was killed and resurrected, conquering Death forever. He sits at the right hand of the Father, awaiting the day of final judgment. Humans can only approach the Father through the Son. Holy Spirit: The Lord, the giver of life. He is the third Person (hypostasis) of the Trinity. Despite having a source, he has always existed. The Son and the Holy Spirit interact with one another and with the world. Through them we are able to interact with the Father. At Christ (the Son’s) baptism, the Holy Spirit descended like a dove upon Him. The Father is fully God, the person of the Father s not the person of the SonShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1670 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciple of the Trinity as a doctrine in the Christian church. Our class readings from Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Karl Barth, and Elizabeth Tanner reveal the necessity for discussion about the trinity to evolve throughout the last 1500 years of Christian theology in order for the doctrine to be modernized to the lexical and social understanding of contemporary Christians. Although Augustine may be one of the Fathers of Trinitarian Theology, his fifth century Trinitarian theology has not progressedRead MoreEssay on Women and the Trinity1125 Words   |  5 PagesWomen and the Trinity For most of us, faith development is a process. We grow in wisdom and stature and favor with God. As a Christian woman I know that my consciousness about the feminist agenda has evolved in stages also. First, I became aware of the generic language. Words like mankind, brotherhood, and the overused pronoun he was supposed to describe all of humanity. IT was clear that they contained a masculine bias. Little girls grew up hearing those words literally and scalingRead MoreThe Age Of Reason By Thomas Paine Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesis similar to the three aspects of God in Christianity called the Holy Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. By forming a base of science on its own Trinity of Reason, was Paine taking science and turning it into its own type of religion? How do the two Trinities compare to one another? In this paper, I intend to explore the comparisons and determine if Paine was borrowing from Christianity to form his base for this new Trinity. First off, Paine did believe in the existence of a higher power inRead MoreThe Problem of the Trinity1660 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Problem of the Trinity The Mystery The concept of the Trinity was first formulated by St. Augustine in the Nicene Creed in seven statements: 1. The Father is God 2. The Son is God 3. The Holy Spirit is God 4. The Father is not the Son 5. The Son is not the Holy Spirit 6. The Holy Spirit is not the Father 7. There is only one God (Augustine, 1948). The problem stated in the classical way was such: how can three equal one, or one equal three? Secondly on the one hand we are toldRead MoreThe Christian Doctrine Of The Trinity943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe development of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity from the New Testament Church to the Nicene Creed. I will like to crave your indulgence to the fact that Nicene concept of Trinity is never stated in the Bible, and it is that early Christians as well as the scriptures clearly points out the fact that Jesus was fully divine and pre-existent. For the fact that, none of the early Christian theologians fully asserted the doctrine of the Trinity, not even a speculation about the Father, Son, andRead MoreWhat Is Christian Doctrine?938 Words   |  4 PagesAssemblies of God churches adhere to. The word doctrine comes from the Greek word didache meaning teaching. It is a belief or system of beliefs. Key doctrines form the primary basis of the belief system. Examples of Christian doctrine include the Trinity, Virgin birth and the deity of Christ. Someone who denies one or more central doctrines would therefore not be accepted as a genuine follower of that faith, for example, denying the deity of Christ (Jehovah Witnesses). Individuals who - while claimingRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1600 Words   |  7 Pages Augustine and the Trinity Introduction The doctrine of the Trinity is often viewed as an archaic and abstract theory many churches and theological study programs settled on long ago, and therefore, has little relevance to modern Christian faith. Over the past fifteen centuries, the doctrine of the Trinity has played a peripheral role in Christian theology. Formulated in Nicea (325 C.E.) and later revised in Constantinople (381 C.E.), it has been generally accepted by most Christians. However, thisRead MoreEssay on The Three Persons of the Trinity813 Words   |  4 PagesTHE Three Persons of the Trinity The Three Persons of the Trinity Brenda L. Reynolds Grand Canyon University: HTH-505 Systematic Theology February 23, 2011 The Three Persons of the Trinity The Trinity consists of God, the Father, Jesus, the Son of God and the Holy Spirit. The Christian faith recognizes there is one God and He is one with His Son, Jesus and the Holy Spirit. The purpose of this essay is to describe the interrelationship of the three personsRead MoreBook Critique -- Paul, the Spirit, and the People of God1636 Words   |  7 PagesINTERACTION SUBMITTED TO DR. DANIEL MITCHELL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE THEO530, SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BY EDDIE H FINCH – 22458150 LYNCHBURG, VA THEURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2013 1 In Paul, the Spirit, and the People of God, Gordon Fee outlines a theology of the Spirit in the Divine Trinity, the basis within Scripture for the experience of the Spirit, and the interaction of the two. Fee, a Pentecostal scholar, â€Å"redefinesRead MoreTheology of Missions1707 Words   |  7 PagesTHEOLOGY OF MISSIONS A Paper Presented to Dr. James B. King Liberty Theological Seminary In partial fulfillment Of the requirements of GLST 500 By Linda Priddy-Hundley February 28.2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ii Old Testament Texts Relating to Missions 1 New Testament Texts Relating to Missions 2 The Nature of God and Missions 3 Two Aspects of

eco/365 week 2 individual - 1293 Words

Supply and Demand Simulation ECO 365 Supply and Demand Simulation The Supply and Demand simulation was reviewed on the student website demonstrated the concepts of the concepts of microeconomics and macroeconomics. The principles of microeconomics and macroeconomics were explained and applied throughout the simulation demonstrate the rationale for the shifts in the supply and demand curve. Each shift is analyzed showing the effects of the equilibrium price, quantity, and decision making process for the simulated company represented. The concepts encountered in the simulation provide an opportunity to better understand how each can be applied to my current workplace. The Scenario provides an†¦show more content†¦This is a result of a demand shift to the left related to a lack of available tenants for the apartments. The property management company has to decrease rental rates allowing the quantity supplied to decrease as well (University of Phoenix, 2012), creating a downward swing in the supply curve. The price of rentals decreased to crea te less quantity that is available for rent creating equilibrium and a decrease in surplus. This is a difficult decision to lower price significantly but will continue to create revenue for the property management company while decreasing supply of vacancy. Throughout the simulation I encountered instruction that I can apply the use of supply and demand at my workplace. As a soldier, leader and educator, supply and demand is represented by available student seats, man hours, supply, and equipment. The cost of educating one soldier costs $600 plus or minus. In today’s economy, we are forced to become creative in determining the best means to decrease costs. Although our demand remains consistent the military must meet the supply of inventory that is available. As demand decreases the military also has to decrease supply on hand while also cutting labor hours of not only soldiers as well as civilian personnel to remain profitable. When the demand increases for our services the need for increased personnel and the supplies also increases. The simulation also showed me several ways businesses can operate by simply adjusting supply to meetShow MoreRelatedUop Eco 365 Week 2 Individual Assignment1003 Words   |  5 PagesWeek 2 Assig nment – Supply and Demand Simulation Week 2 Individual Assignment – Supply and Demand Simulation This week’s assignment examined the effects of supply and demand on the pricing and availability of real world goods. In this instance, the simulation looked at pricing and availability of two bedroom apartments in the fictional city of Atlantis. The simulation takes a look at several different situations, outside market factors and governmental influence. By going through the simulationRead MoreEco-Products, Inc.7415 Words   |  30 PagesCAPSTONE CASE 1: ECO-PRODUCTS, INC. End-of-Case Assignments: Suggested Discussions and Analyses A. Describe Eco-Products’ early history (1990 through 2003). Would you view the firm during that period as being a life-style business, an entrepreneurial venture, or? Why? Steve Savage and his father founded the company in 1990 with the intent to provide eco-friendly paper and janitorial supplies. They chose to locate the business in Boulder, Colorado, a community known for its support of environmentalRead MoreEco-Products, Inc.7406 Words   |  30 PagesCAPSTONE CASE 1: ECO-PRODUCTS, INC. End-of-Case Assignments: Suggested Discussions and Analyses A. Describe Eco-Products’ early history (1990 through 2003). Would you view the firm during that period as being a life-style business, an entrepreneurial venture, or? Why? Steve Savage and his father founded the company in 1990 with the intent to provide eco-friendly paper and janitorial supplies. They chose to locate the business in Boulder, Colorado, a community known for its supportRead MoreSupply and Demand Simulation Paper886 Words   |  4 PagesSupply and Demand Simulation Paper ECO/365 Week 2 Individual Assignment February 25, 2013 Supply and Demand The analysis will identify two microeconomics and two macroeconomics principles or concepts from the simulation, and explain why each principle or concept is in the category of macroeconomics or microeconomics. The analysis will identify at least one shift of the supply curve, and one shift of the demand curve from the simulation and what causes the shifts. The analysis will showRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Paper on Kudler Fine Foods1063 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures on Kudler Fine Foods ECO/365 University of Phoenix Week 4 Individual Assignment March 11, 2013 Differentiating Between Market Structures The analysis will apply important microeconomic concepts toward the competitive strategies of the Kudler Fine Food Virtual Organization, which affect its long-term profitability. The analysis will evaluate the differences between market structures and review the organization’s strategic plan, marketing overviewRead Moreeco 365 week syllabus1755 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Syllabus School of Business ECO/365 Version 4 Principles of Microeconomics Copyright  © 2011, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of microeconomics. Students learn practical applications for microeconomics in their personal and professional lives through assimilation of fundamental concepts and analysis of actual economic events. Policies FacultyRead MoreCorporate Financial Analysis2432 Words   |  10 PagesUnderstanding  the  company Financial  statements Paperless,  sustainable,  eco†friendly ï‚â€" On  UTS  online: ï‚â€" all  the  readings  are  available  in  pdf format ï‚â€" all  the  lecture  slides  are  available  in  pdf or  pptx format ï‚â€" This  saves  you  approx  $140  AND  you  can  use  it  on  your   iPad/reader/phone/laptop/PC  (or  print  it  out)? ï‚â€" Does  it  make  you  more  efficient? Lecture 1 - Intro 2 How  to  do  well  in  the  class: ï‚â€" Ensure  you  can  do  the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"DO  LIST†Ã‚  each  week ï‚â€" The  tutorial  questions  will  be  introduced  during  the   lRead MoreStudy Guide Eco/3652084 Words   |  9 PagesECO/365 Final Examination Study Guide This study guide prepares you for the Final Examination you complete in the last week of the course. It contains practice questions, which are related to each week’s objectives. Highlight the correct response, and then refer to the answer key at the end of this Study Guide to check your answers. Use each week’s questions as a self-test at the start of a new week to reflect on the previous week’s concepts. When you come across concepts that you are unfamiliarRead MoreEco365 Week1 Essay2640 Words   |  11 Pages| Syllabus School of Business ECO/365 Version 4 Principles of Microeconomics | Copyright  © 2011, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of microeconomics. Students learn practical applications for microeconomics in their personal and professional lives through assimilation of fundamental concepts and analysis of actual economic events. Policies FacultyRead MoreEco 3653142 Words   |  13 PagesCourse Design Guide School of Business ECO/365 Version 4 Principles of Microeconomics Copyright  © 2011, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of microeconomics. Students learn practical applications for microeconomics in their personal and professional lives through assimilation of fundamental concepts and analysis of actual economic events. Policies

The Spread of Jazz and the Effects on Society free essay sample

Black Face, Blue Notes and Whitman The early growth and rapid expansion of popular American music In late nineteenth and early twentieth century America had widespread and Irreversible effects on not only the growing black population, but also on America as a whole. The growth and evolution of music in this period, though fraught with racism and obstacles for the black performer, prepared the nation for the cultural revolution that allowed for the improvement of race relations and, ultimately, the gradual acceptance of a multi-racial national identity.Certainly this change did not come bout easily, overt racism dominated the minstrel show even as It provided employment opportunities for black performers; revisionist histories abound, especially in the development of jazz music, as the invaluable contributions of the black artists preceding the Jazz movement often had their story rewritten to assert the development of Jazz music by white artists instead. Despite these challenges, the growth and spread of music in this era was ultimately a positive influence on black culture. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spread of Jazz and the Effects on Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to priming the nation for the eventual slow acceptance of race, USIA afforded blacks opportunities to earn a living, facilitated dispersion and growth of communities and also served as a sort of emotional release and expressionism. Almost undoubtedly, early popular music, that of minstrel shows, had a negative impact on the black community. With racist depictions of slaves as bug-eyed, ignorant and worthless these minstrel shows served to spread these racist ideas, and as they grew In popularity, to embed them in the national idea of black culture.Further, preformed by white men In blackjack, acts such as Jim Crow (a character based on a crippled black man. Oaken to extremes) came to symbolize black culture for decades to come. These racist depictions and justifications of slavery continued on throughout the sass, it was not until after this time that the music really began to develop an artistic side and began to tone down the racism.After this time minstrel shows began playing to black audiences and eventually began to hire black performers, even if they did have to apply blackjack and perform a version of a black man playing a white man playing a black man. Such changes first came about In well known fashion In the Christy Minstrels put on by Edward Christy. Christy hired black performers and developed the narrative s in the shows a bit further than the simple racist depictions of Jim Crow. In spite of these opportunities for employment, minstrel shows did little to reduce racism and, in fact, only served to embed these racist ideas in popular culture. Though the obvious racism and segregation is inescapable throughout the history of minstrel shows, the gradual acceptance of black actors and audiences presaged later developments of acceptance and expansion of black culture throughout America and provided black entertainers with he best opportunity available to them.The emergence of Tin Pan Alley and the centralization of sheet music and recordings greatly expanded popular music in America and set the way for the development of Jazz music in the following decades. Though most of the successful songwriters In Tin Pan Alley were white, there was a significant black presence, achieved much success in the Jazz scene, got his start there. Other black artists such as Bob Cole and Chris Smith along with W. C. Handy saw some early success in selling their music to Tin Pan Alley [Jazz: the first 100 years, Martin, Waters 85]. George Washington Johnson also realized early success selling his tunes to Tin Pan Alley, and for the first time it became apparent that there were growing opportunities for black artists to earn higher wages and advance their place in society [Constructing Tin Pan Alley: From Minstrelsy to Mass Culture 17]. Despite these early successes, as was the case throughout the development of popular music and culture, the songs selected were made with a white audience in mind and sung by mostly white singers, highlighting the slow crawl of racial equality.Again, though faced with a variety of obstacles and racists views, Tin Pan Alley afforded an opportunity for some black artists and served to spread the cultural developments of black performers, especially in the popularity of ragtime, allowing for future expansion and development in the years to come. As black artists merged the rhythms and feelings of West African music with the emotions of blues and ideas of ragtime and new type of musi c began to emerge from the South. With an eclectic mix of races, class and urban and rural environments, New Orleans came to be the center of early Jazz development.The eventual explosion of Jazz in the sass was foreshadowed by the quick rise to popularity Jazz experienced in the city. Jazz music provided black artists with a possibility of relatively steady employment and eventually facilitated the dispersion of black culture throughout America. As Jazz rose to popularity there was certainly a great deal of resistance on both musical and racial levels. Fearing perversions of moral and musical ideals, many whites resisted Jazz initially. Once Jazz experienced an increase in popularity revisionist histories appeared, removing black contribution or playing up white roles in the development of Jazz.Segregation still appeared recently as black bands could not get Jobs playing to white audiences and it wasnt until the late sass that Benny Goodman band, featuring both black and white performers played too white audience [146]. Regardless of the racial and social obstacles faced by black Jazz musicians, Jazz also presented a new path of development. The growing popularity of Jazz coupled with technological innovations spurred the expansion and spread of black communities and culture across America.Cities such as Chicago, New York and to a lesser degree, Los Angels saw huge growth the size and culture of black populations. This growing cultural acceptance of jazz, even if popular Jazz bore only a cursory resemblance to traditional Jazz served to entwine black and white society, paving the way for acceptance and a re-evaluation of racist ideals and thoughts. As was the case in minstrel shows and Tin Pan Alley, the most successful Jazz musicians were white, but this truth could not escape the fact that American popular culture was firmly rooted in the development and advancement of black culture.Throughout the development of popular American music, an inescapable current of racism ran through almost every step. From minstrel shows based on Jim Crow ND performers in blackjack to the co-opting of black artists songs for white men to the revisionist history of Jazz, black culture was continually diminished. In spite of extension, the black community previously unheard of opportunities for advancement.Weather acting in minstrel shows, recording for Tin Pan Alley or leading a Jazz orchestra, black artists we re able to take advantage of these new developments for earning. Further, the combining of cultures between black and white served to help along the gradual acceptance of the black community as an equal part of America. Finally, because of the technological and musical explosions occurring, black communities were able to branch out and establish new opportunities for cultural development, education and earning across America, fueling a growing black middle-class.

Effective Leadership through Communication free essay sample

An effective leader with a team of multicultural and multilingual individuals, requires basic skills in communication. This paper discusses some basic types of communication and a possible methodology to ensure that the communication is understood. Communication in different forms Firstly it is important to having a basic understanding of communication, Bonvillain discusses this when she states that language is: â€Å"The primary means of interaction between people. Speakers use language to convey their thoughts, feelings intentions and desires to others. Bonvillain then goes on to say that: ‘We learn about people through what they say and how they say it; we learn about ourselves through the ways that other people react to what we say; and how we learn about our relationships with others through the give and take of communicative interactions. ’ (N. Bonvillain, 2003 Language Culture and Communication, p. 1) Jeanne Brett, Kristin Behfar, and Mary C. Kern discuss communications within teams and further analysis the categorisations in a 2006 Harvard Business Journal: â€Å"People tend to assume that challenges on multicultural teams arise from differing styles of communication. But this is only one of the four categories that, according to our research, can create barriers to a team’s ultimate success. These categories are direct versus indirect communication; trouble with accents and ? uency; differing attitudes toward hierarchy and authority; and con? icting norms for decision making. † Both of these statements support that communication can be broken down in to different categories, but the categories differ depending on the context. In my opinion whether the communication is verbal (spoken language) or non-verbal (gesture or body language) or contextual (shared experience), discovering new cultures through experience rather than theory is not without its difficulties, small signals, that may easily be missed, can be key to the formation of a successful team. For example in southern India the simple act of saying thank you can leave an individual offended, this is because â€Å"thank you† is something a senior would say to a junior employee at work to show a power status, and so an individual thanking a peer would be impolite where as in the UK individuals are taught to say thank you from an early age for all transactions. An extremely common gesture in India is the head nod or wobble, this gesture does not necessarily relate to a yes or no response, it can mean â€Å"ok†, â€Å"I hear you speaking† or â€Å"I understand† this can be confusing and one individual in the conversation may not understand the route the conversation has taken if they are not aware of this gesture. This is supported in further research: â€Å"Communication in Western cultures is typically direct and explicit. The meaning is on the surface, and a listener doesn’t have to know much about the context or the speaker to interpret it. This is not true in many other cultures, where meaning is embedded in the way the message is presented. † (Jeanne Brett, Kristin Behfar, and Mary C. Kern Harvard Business Journal, 2006) As with the head nod the use of the smile can differ greatly wherever you are. In India I have been invited to a few weddings; it is the tradition here for the reception to be held prior to the ceremony. The reception consists of the Bride and Groom standing on a stage and all the guests joining them to have a photo taken, in these photos, no one smiles. From my research this is because, for the Bride this can be an unnerving experience, she is about to leave the comfort surroundings of her home, and step in to a new world of her husbands, the bride has been taught to appear shy, and the friends and relatives are respecting that tradition. Depending on the culture a smile can mean different things. In the German culture, according to Nees, a smile â€Å"is used with far more discretion, generally only with those persons one knows and likes† (Nees 2000. P. 93) where as in Korean culture, too much smiling is often perceived as the sign of a shallow person. Dresser notes that this â€Å"lack of smiling by the Koreans has often been misinterpreted as a sign of hostility†. (Dresser, 1996. 21). Challenge: How to manage when in the field In my opinion it is the reaction to these misunderstandings or communication barriers that is the key to the success or failure of the interaction, how the Team Leader reacts and the attitude they exhibit is the difference between learning the greater complexities of an individual’s culture and offending them. This is discussed further on in the paper, in techniques and tools. To ensure the success of a multi-cultural team a single unifying objective needs to be understood by all, Cartmill discusses this point: â€Å"Language lets us get vast numbers of big, smart fellow primates all working together on a single task – building the great wall of China or fighting World War 2 or flying to the moon. † (M. Cartmill, 1998, Gift of Gab p. 56) Putting this in the context of a Raleigh programme the objective remains the same for all, this is to complete a 3 month programme volunteering in remote communities whilst contributing to sustainable development. Although the end goal may be the same, the driving force or the motivation for each individual will be wildly different. For example one individual entered the Expedition to personally develop his social skills by living with a group of people in close proximity and to be taken out of his comfort zone; another individual wanted to be taken seriously and no longer seen as the group clown. For a Team Leader to be successful it is important that they understand the overall group objectives and individuals motivations, that the team leader has open communication channels with all individuals within the team, and that the individuals have the opportunity to share and express their own culture and identity. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language states that: Cheering at a football game, reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, or shouting names or slogans at a public meeting can both re-enforce your group identification and reveal a great deal about you – in particular your culture, regional origins, social background, education level, occupation, age, gender and personality. (Crystal, the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 1997. 13) A Team Leader can achieve this by using the structured personal development journals. The journal breaks down the expedition in to the 3 phases and askes appropriate questions to help the volunteer to think about and express their motivations and aspirations of the expedition. Once the volunteer fills the appropriate section the Team Leader has 1:1 sessions with all individuals in the team, this gives the individual time with the Team Leader specifically to discuss their development and any support they require from the Team Leader, this is also an opportunity for the Team Leader to provide feedback. By having this conversation and writing it down it provides a chronological account of the volunteer’s time on programme thus showing their journey through development and achievements. The Team Leaders and Day Leaders also run group sessions through facilitated reviews, to inform group bonding. E Griffin talks about this in A First look at Communication Theory (1994. p173) It is a very natural inclination when meeting someone to talk about a topic that both parties might enjoy; and should those talks prove interesting, it is equally natural for friendships to form and evolve. The more points of contact you can establish, the more comfortable you feel. Secondly facilitated sessions with the team over the first few weeks to unite them as one team, simple tasks such as a group contract and discussing â€Å"house rules† provides boundaries and a framework for individuals to work from, by doing this through facilitation the team are setting their own boundaries and gaining an understanding of each other, thus also providing a platform to challenge each other if the boundaries are breached. Techniques: Facilitation, Eric Burnes tools A useful tool or methodology I have found is Eric Burne’s Transactional Analysis (TA). In its most basic form the model teaches that there are 3 ego states, Parent (Taught), Adult (thought) and Child (felt), if you communicate with someone from the Child ego state the response you will receive is one from a Parent ego state and vice versa, and the most beneficial form of communication is Adult to Adult. In my opinion is that if this is taken in the context of communication (verbal or non) within multi-cultural teams, if a team leader can address all individuals as an Adult, an adult will respond, warranting a productive team or successful project. It is important to note that the different categories of communication are important at this point as only 7% of meaning is in the words spoken, 38% of meaning is paralinguistic (the way that the words are said) and the final 55% is in facial expression or body language. Adding to this the knowledge that cultural differences can be as simple as a smile, an adult response will encourage the individual to participate in the communication and explain rather than be mocked (child) or scolded (Parent). An example of this would be: The day leader of the group (the day leader is an individual from the team who is chosen by the team to be the temporary leader, and usually is in this position for 3 days) had allocated tasks for the group, on day 3 of their day leader duties there was unrest within the group,(this unrest was fueled by the day leader) a team of 4 had been working on one particular part of the project which was digging cess pits for sanitation units, the day leader had allocated herself to this task for the 3 days and was unhappy at the amount of time standing in a muddy hole. Due to her frustration and the teams bickering, she approached the Team Leader and started shouting about the situation (raised voice, arms crossed in front of body, emotive language = Child ego), how it was extremely unfair that they had this task and how disgusting standing in a puddle was. The Team Leader responded in a (calm voice of normal range, arms to the sides creating neutral body language = Adult ego state) and asked questions such as: Is there anything you could do differently to resolve the situation? How can we all ensure this does not happen again? The response from the day leader was instantaneous, the shouting stopped and the day leader re allocated the team to different roles, set up a rotation system with a suitable handover discussion and communicated the change to the entire team. This is an ideal scenario, the change in response was very fast. Sometimes it may take a few interactions from the Adult ego to bring the other individual to reciprocate appropriately. Conclusion This example demonstrates that the reaction of the Team Leader ensured that the â€Å"issue† was resolved. By doing this through questioning and facilitating a conversation, the day leader felt that they were in control of the group, and were empowered to make decisions, then communicate those decisions, better enabling the day leader to perform their role whilst being supported by the team leader. As it can be the first time they have lead a team, add to this cultural differences and language barriers and It can be a very confusing and intimidating time for a day leader, and the Team Leader should expect confrontations like this, When we talk about culture it is useful to understanding it can be broken down in to basic topics, such as why and when someone smiles, and accepting that it may differ from what we already know. This helps the individual to have an open mind and appreciate that everything they know about human behavior in their own environment, can, and should, be challenged, and the results are likely to appear different from what they currently know.