Essay --

L’Chaim Bravery can be defined in many different ways, but it is not usually defined by an entire country. During World War Two, the entire country of Denmark decided that they would not submit to Hitler and aid him in the extermination of the Jewish people, or â€Å"The Final Solution.† Denmark is the only example of a country that was unwilling to succumb to the Nazi ideology and actively resist the regime. Through various resistance movements and strikes, the Danes were able to communicate to the Germans that they were not welcome and that their principles would not be accepted. The country of Denmark is situated directly over Germany. Though it was not considered a major conquest by Hitler, it was valuable due to its location near Norway. The country of Denmark was considered so unimportant that the Germans considered excluding it from â€Å"The Final Solution† during the Wannsee Conference. The â€Å"Jewish problem† in Denmark seemed very insignificant compared to other countries considering that there were only seven thousand and five hundred Jews to the four million Danes. Regardless, Denmark was occupied by the Germans on April 9, 1940. The German influence on the Danish government and people was very small. The Danes were able to maintain their own government with the Germans only dictating the foreign policies. The people were hardly affected as well, including the Jews. The Jewish people were able to continue with worship services and daily life as usual. The Jewish people were also exempt from wearing the Star of David, registering as Jews, or leaving their houses and relinquishing businesses. One of the main opposers of the German occupation was the king of Denmark himself, King Christian X. From his unarmed, unescorted rides t... ...s. Theresienstadt was liberated by the Soviets on May 9, 1945 after the camp was handed over to the International Red Cross. Around fifty Danish people died during the internment in the concentration camp. Around four hundred and fifty survived. Denmark has been honored for their bravery by several different monuments, such as a monument in Israel of a boat that was done on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the rescue. There is also a boat that was used for the transportation to Sweden in the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Israel. Copenhagen has a monument with a large inscription in both Danish and Hebrew that was a gift from the Israeli people. The autumn of 2013 marked the seventieth anniversary of the rescue of the Danish Jews. May we always remember the courage of a country devoted to seeing past the labels placed on people and seeing them as individuals instead.

Punctuality and Correct Medical Aid Essay

The saying which goes â€Å"A stitch in time saves nine† is very true!!!Punctuality is no doubt a virtue no man can afford to lack. It is the simplest and easiest to acquire but at the same time really needed to succeed in life. Punctuality is the habit of doing things in time. It is a disciplinary force which contributes to the efficiency and success of both an individual and organization. A punctual person is always a step ahead of others .He is able to complete his assignments and keep commitments which wins him the command and respect of all those who work with him .He becomes an asset and support in any field of life. He will be a sought after member of any organization for the respect he has earned by his reliability and sense of discipline. Lessons of punctuality are introduced from the very birth of a child. Feeds are given punctually and so are medications. Schools , colleges also implement and enforce these in every possible way .Time tables, classes ,examinations all demand punctuality. A company which fails to deliver goods or services in time or is unpunctual in collecting dues is also bound to fail one day or the other. In hospitals on some occassions punctuality may make all the difference between life and death . Forgetting to give a medicine or injection on time may take a life! On the other hand bringing a patient and giving him the correct medical aid in time will save a precious life!History also shows how punctuality plays such an important role even in war. General Ney’s unpunctuality ruined Napoleon and changed the course of European history. If we study the lives of some great people we find that punctuality was one of the pillars of their success. Professionals like lawyers , doctors, teachers who have reached success are further respected when they keep their appointments and timely commitments . If we look around we shall see that sense of order and punctuality is seen in Nature too. The sun rises in the day , planets move in orbits, seasons keep their cycle teaching us the significance of time and punctuality in life. Today we live in a modern complex society where so many things are interdependent. It is essential for the smooth functioning that people recognise the need for punctuality. If trains and flights do not keep punctuality it can create such a mess and sometimes cause havoc and disaster or even accidents. In the age of rockets and moonlandings the importance of punctuality is felt even more. To organize events meetings and make them successful it is essential that all participants keep time and are punctual. Could big events like the Olympics be a success without punctualityWe should make a humble beginning and start incorporating punctuality in our lives in our day to day activities. Bed time and waking time , meal times if adhered to will help discipline us and tune our minds towards punctuality in other areas also. Once disciplined and punctual a very different future welcomes you. One would surely realise that punctuality is the key to success and greatness in life. One step at a time but always on time..!!!!

Taking a look at the Great Depression - 795 Words

Great Depression The great depression was one of the worst disasters that occurred in U.S history. October 29, 1929, is the day the stock market crashed, and that day was the beginning of The â€Å"Great Depression†. Many US citizens suffered through this depression, children couldn’t go to school because their parents couldn’t afford to buy school supplies, and children had to work at a young age. Families lost their homes to the bank and they were forced to create homes out of driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The U.S blamed The â€Å"Great Depression† on President Herbert Hoover; they actually named a small town after him. President Roosevelt was a hero to the US; it’s because of him that the US had a major turnaround. It was untimely the entrance of the U.S into WW2 that ended The â€Å"Great Depression† in the United States. Moreover, President Roosevelt is the reason why the U.S not in the â€Å"Great Depression† anymore. The Great Depression did not only affect children and parents. It also affected farmers a lot; farmers were usually safe form a depression because they were able to feed themselves. However, during The Great Depression, the Great Plains got it bad. The Great Plains were hit hard by enormous dust storms. The dust storms destroyed everything in their path, leaving farmers with nothing but loose grass and no crops. When the dust storms eradicated the crops, the farmers were unable to feed their families and on top of that, they wereShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Great Depression557 Words   |  2 Pages The United States in the 1920’s was a land of great wealth and prosperity. With the rise of industrialism, fortunes were being made. Along with the wealth and prosperity came lavishness and excess the likes of which hadn’t been seen since ancient Rome. Even the prohibition was in effect, the liquor flowed and with it, so did the cash. There was no end in sight. There was no reason to think it would end. It was this nearsightedness along with numerous other unforeseen circumstances that lead toRead MoreEmployment, Relief and the Breadwinner Ideal: A Historiography of the Great Depression in Canada1408 Words   |  6 PagesThey also look at work discrimination of women based on gender and marital status. They argue that disapproval of married women working for wages during the Depression was expressed not only by those in position of power, such as politicians, but also by the general public and labour unions. They suggest that the number of women in the workforce increased as more young wives stayed working until the birth of their first child and older women entered the workforce in response to depression based deprivationRead MoreDepression : An Endless Battle956 Words   |  4 PagesDepression: An Endless Battle Out of the many psychological disorders that affect people in the world today, there is no more serious disorder than depression. Depression can be defined as a particular type of disorder that affects an individual’s mood in a negative or undesirable manner, which is definitely something that should not be taken lightly. The reason that believe this, is because often at times, depression can end in tragedy. As someone who was able to beat depression at a younger ageRead MoreEssay on The Great Depression878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression In other periods of depression, it has always been possible to see some things which were solid and upon which you could base hope... but as I look around about, I now see nothing to give ground to hope.† This great quote was made by former president, Coolidge. In the great depression people in cities and towns already lost too many jobs. Farmers struggles have already been happening since the 1920s, and farmers tried to do anything to save their farms. However, farmers mayRead MoreEssay about Cinderella Man 701 Words   |  3 Pagesthe great depression, and the film does well to show this. The film also does a good job of chronicling the life of the everyday man during the great depression. This essay aims to discuss the role of the stock market crash in the beginning of the great depression, the effects of the depression on the life of the everyday man, and the effects of the depression on the life of James J Braddock and his family. There is no doubt that the stock market crash contributed to the great depression, butRead MoreHow Social Factors Affect The Type Of Treatment The Patient?987 Words   |  4 Pagesdisorders. When researching, social factors can be determining what the research looks like, what gets researched and how the research dollars are spent. With treatment, of course, we would want to look at how social factors would influence the type of treatment the patient might receive. Diagnosis/Classification When looking at how social factors can influence diagnosis, there is a focus given on societal norms. If we look at a patient from Haiti, where the practice of voodoo is quite common it couldRead MoreEliminating The Depths Of Depression With Modern Medicine1131 Words   |  5 PagesEliminating the Depths of Depression with Modern Medicine Depression is like drowning with no hope for air. Of course, everyone hits that point in their life when everything seems to be unbearably hard, but until one lives with depression one will never know the damage it brings. Untreated depression is the number one cause of suicide today. There are many causes and solutions to this problem starting from genetics to therapy. Depression is a serious problem in our world today, especially if oneRead MoreThe Importance Of Creating A Project1098 Words   |  5 PagesDo not look where you fell, but where you slipped. This pronoun from the Chinese is an eye opener and a pronoun that people still follow.There are some words that can be said about how to end or start a project. When there is a start of a project during the middle it failed at what result was not the correct one and there is no chance of restarting and the project is stuck forever with no possibility of never correcting it. There are always positive and negative outcomes in every situation. To giveRead MoreThe Publics Interaction With Anxiety, Depression, And Its Treatment1587 Words   |  7 Pages The Publics Interaction with Anxiety, Depression, and its Treatment Elijah-Smith-Antonides Community College of Road Island General Psychology Traci A. Rossi December 5th, 2016 â€Æ' The Publics Interaction with Anxiety, Depression, and its Treatment The treatment of mental disorders has made a huge amount of progress since the original days of cutting open a person’s head and letting the demons leak out. It seems that depression and anxiety are on the rise these days demanding more attentionRead MoreA Brief Note On Dorothea Lange s Migrant Mother1705 Words   |  7 Pagesphotographs to be taken in the Great Depression era. It is titled Migrant Mother, and it was taken in 1936. The photo takes the overall feeling of how difficult it was to survive during the depression and presents it in a single face. Anyone viewing this image can feel the simultaneous fear and strength that the woman exudes, as well as the love she has for her children, and the worry she has or their well being. The Great Depression was one of the most extreme economic depressions that the world has ever

The Pros and Cons of Welfare Reform Essay - 2384 Words

The Pros and Cons of Welfare Reform There have been numerous debates within the last decade over what needs to be done about welfare and what is the best welfare reform plan. In the mid-1990s the TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Act was proposed under the Clinton administration. This plan was not received well since it had put a five year lifetime limit on receiving welfare and did not supply the necessary accommodations to help people in poverty follow this guideline. Under the impression that people could easily have found a job and worked their way out of poverty in five years, the plan was passed in 1996 and people in poverty were immediately forced to start looking for jobs. When the TANF Act was up for†¦show more content†¦Many different forms of logos are used in the liberal argument but most of the logos is soaked in pathos making their argument truly heart-felt. Types of logos used are cause and effect, facts and statistics, and arguments by definition. There is a fair balance betwe en each type of logos argument used. The main argument that is made by the liberals is that many people simply want ?assistance? from the government; they don?t want to be ?dependent? on the government. This is an argument of definition that is strongly supported in the Mother Jones article ?Without a Safety Net.? In this article they state that ?poor single mothers had their own form of unemployment insurance--welfare. Most welfare recipients worked . . . falling back on public assistance when a child got sick or a car broke down? (Enreneich and Piven). It becomes clear that the liberals want to help the poor along with helping them get on the road to supporting themselves. Since most of the jobs available to people in poverty pay minimum wage, they can not support their families on the seven or eight dollars an hour salary they receive. Minimum wage is almost half as much as is necessary to provide the bare necessities for a family of three. This becomes a logos argument o f fact as well as an argument of cause and effect because the families are trying to work and helpShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Drug Testing Welfare Recipients And Applicants1231 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper will explore the pros and cons on the issue of drug testing welfare recipients and applicants. The journals and articles used to determine whether drug testing is necessary or a hindrance to public assistance applicants, recipients and the government vary in their argument on the effects of those who receive assistance. The study, completed by Anderson, Shannon, Schyb and Goldstein (2002) determined that, due to the change in Welfare reform in 1996, the disruption of benefits increasedRead MoreFederalism in Welfare Programs Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesFederalism In Welfare Programs POL 201 August 15, 2013 Federalism and Welfare Programs This essay is to inform you of federal policy issues involving welfare causing conflicting debates between national, state, and local government and how these conflicting issues relate to federalism. Federalism is â€Å"A government system where power and authority are shared by national and states governments, with the ultimate authority derived from the people. (Levin-Waldman, 2012). This paper will also describeRead MoreOur Current US Welfare System Is in Urgent Need of Reform Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare is a government program that provides food, money, housing, medical care, and other things people need in order to survive. These programs are designed to help elderly, children, disabled individuals who cannot support their families on their current income. In order to qualify for assistance the individual’s income must be below the poverty line. There are about sixty assistance programs, however most people receive help though Social Security, Medicaid, food stamps and Temporary AssistanceRead MoreHealth care is a huge part of a persons being, but not really affordable to all Americans, everyone1000 Words   |  4 Pagescare, it would have a huge impact on our society, as well as people who have it in both a positive, and negative way in today’s society. The percentage of diseases and not treated problems would start to disappear (pro) and economic growth will start to rise, as well as inflation (con). But when something new is brought to the table, of course, things will change positively and negatively. The push for universal coverage is based on the appealing premise that everyone should have access to the bestRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is It Really That Big Of A Deal?1084 Words   |  5 Pagesare many views to this, as to any topics in its nature, but is it really that big of a deal? This paper will be introducing the pros and cons to this subject. There will also be the views politicians of the upcoming 2016 election. T his will cover the views of Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, and Bernie Sanders. What’s your view towards illegal immigration? There are many pros to this topic, such as the fact that the government would earn more taxes. Most illegal aliens are paid under the table becauseRead MoreThe Right Of Health Care1082 Words   |  5 Pageswhich technically means having the health care needed to preserve life and pursue happiness. The purpose of the U.S. Constitution, stated in the Preamble, is to promote the general welfare of the citizens of the United States. According to former Congressman Dennis Kucinich, as part of efforts to promote the general welfare, health care is a legitimate function of government. (A New Movement). Instituting the right to healthcare could also lower the cost of healthcare in the U.S. The United StatesRead MorePro-Illegal Immigration Paper916 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants illegally entering the country. Also, their presence in the country is not as harmful as opponents of illegal immigration make it out to be. Cons of illegal immigration include a higher unemployment rate among A mericans, overcrowding in schools and hospitals, and the burden that immigrants become when they use services such as welfare and Social Security, leading to a loss of American taxpayers’ money. America was founded on a system of secured liberties and laws. The Constitution protectsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1224 Words   |  5 Pagesare people who think that it would be worst because there is no way to regulate it but all we would need to do is come up with a breathalyzer thing just like they did for alcohol. That money could go to help found the social security funds or the welfare system or it could even found the other anti drug stuff. I believe people are just scared that marijuana is a gate way drug I know it can lead to more things but it can do that illegal or not. Furthermore there has never been report over dose of marijuanaRead MoreGovernment Assistance For Needy Families932 Words   |  4 Pageswe run into some rough patches. For example, one can suddenly get fired from their job but that does not stop the bills from rolling in especially when there is a family to take care of, in situations like this financial help can really be useful. Welfare pr ograms like the â€Å" temporary assistance for needy families† purpose is give money to a group of parents and dependent children living together in a household. Another way that the government has been helping is by offering food stamps, food stampsRead MoreDrug Testing Welfare Recipients Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagestied to unemployed citizens. While there are many people who disagree with testing welfare recipients, the truth is that the pros greatly outweigh the cons. The long term improvements that drug testing will have on the country are substantial. The wellbeing and stability of America’s children, unemployment, fairness across the board for all Americans and the economy; all play substantial rolls in how drug testing welfare recipients is a positive move forward for each U.S. state. As stated by childwelfare

How The Events Of 1984 Have Made Them Who They Are

1984 Chris McCloskey Hillsborough Community College October 27, 2014 Abstract. In these questions I will analyze the characters while focusing on how the events in 1984 have made them who they are. I will also discuss the types of conditioning in the book and give examples of the conditioning. Then I will talk about some of the laws or regulations in the world today that I find to be not-constitutional. Finally I will define progressicism, socialism, communism and Marxism, and who founded them. 1. The characters in 1984 are trained to be collectivists because they stride for social harmony and the satisfaction in life is based on the success of the group as a whole. An example of this is everyone jobs is to make sure that Oceania succeeds against East Asia. (Orwell) 2. The all of the characters that have conformed have the same personalities, they are all obedient. However Winston and Julia are rebellious and stray from the norm. I do not think they have psychological disorder because a psychological disorder is someone who deviates from the norm and those who are found to do so are executed. 3. In the society there is both operant and classical conditioning. One example of operant conditioning is when the prisoners are hung out in front of all the people to see in the streets and on the TVs. An example of the classical conditioning is in the beginning of the book they showed the face of a trader and everyoneShow MoreRelated1984 Research Paper1680 Words   |  7 PagesEveryday we are all in trying to be persuaded into believing something using media and the government, as don’t in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 manipulation is used by the government to persuade the citizens that their leader, Big Brother, is portraying to be. For which ever reason information is manipulated, it is still a form of attempting to persuade opinions. In many forms people manipulate information in hopes that they will gain something, whether it be to gain power or to try and convince peopleRead MoreA Comparison Of George Orwells And Dorians Reality941 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel 198 4, written by George Orwell, the overall idea of the book revolves around the fact that everyone portrays a front and never actually displays who they really are for fear of death; moreover, in the novel Picture of Dorian Gray, shares similar characteristics on how people portray a face different from what they show in public. Continually, the idea of social masks and identity can be seen through the manipulation of previous events and how they shape the mindset of people with how they act;Read MoreBoy by Roald Dahl1302 Words   |  5 PagesRoald Dahl uses humour in children books he writes to manipulate the reader’s perception of events that occur in the books. The book, Boy is an autobiography written by Roald Dahl. It was his first book and it is a combination of real events in his life. Matilda is one of his fictional books that he wrote later on. Dahl uses events that are actually gruesome and quite horrifying and makes them humorous by using sarcasm, hyperboles, short sentences, imagery, similes and juxtapositions (rose96, 2011)Read MoreOrwell describes a time in which language and history are manipulated and controlled to assure the1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribed in 1984, and that Orwell ultimately warns about include the manipulations of history, the use of language as a means of control, and the use of technology as a means of surveillance. History is more powerful than one might think; when it is changed and manipulated it can become a means of subconscious propaganda. This can be dangerous because one might not even be aware that they are being persuaded to think something. Suppression of a historical event can cause tension in society. In 1984, a newRead MoreParallels In Power And Othering In 1984 And Imbeciles.1416 Words   |  6 Pages Parallels in Power and Othering in 1984 and Imbeciles Like many I was aware of the eugenics movement in the United States in the 1920’s. However, after reading the story of Carrie Buck and learning more about the nature of the procedurals involved in these sterilizations I have a new found understanding of the roles Power and Othering played in the unlawful tests conducted on Carrie buck and many members of her family. The way in which those elite of the 1920’s mimics the party and the thoughtRead More1984 Critical Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages1984 Critical Essay The novel I have chosen to write about that is set in a different time but is still relevant to this day is â€Å"1984† by George Orwell. Orwell effectively uses theme, characterisation, imagery and symbolism to help us appreciate the themes he runs throughout the book that have just as much relevance then as they do now. This is despite Orwells’ book being first published in 1948. Orwells’ book is set in a totalitarian state where all who live there must accept and comply withRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The And Animal Farm1749 Words   |  7 Pagespeople to make them idolize a leader is just one of the many negative aspects of this type of government. While the greater part of a community may be phased by such manipulation, there will undoubtedly be a scarce amount, yet an amount nonetheless, of individuals who see right through it. The brave individuals have the mindset to stop at nothing to make a change in their world. George Orwell wrote many acclaimed novels in his lifetime, two of the most deliberated ones being 1984 and Animal FarmRead MoreTotalitarian Government In George Orwells Big Brother Is Watching You1276 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1984, â€Å"Big Brother Is Watching You.† One can not take two steps without bumping into a poster of a stern-looking man seeming to stare into the soul of the viewer. Big Brother acts as a Godlike figure to the citizens of Oceania, a super-nation constantly at war with the two super-nations. The government of Oceania, the Party, keeps citizens in a vice-like grip through constant surveillance and laws placed on every aspect of human existence. The only loyalty allowed is to the Party. They controlRead MoreAnalysis Of The Opening And Operations Of The New Library1352 Words   |  6 Pagesopening and operations of the new library (Fetter, 1984, 8). Randy Fussell Everett, responded to comments like this in order for undergraduate students to receive fair treatment and for the Davis Library to continue as a resource available to all students (Everett, 1984, 8). Everett argued on behalf of UNC’s undergraduate population by pointing out that Richards was once an undergraduate herself, as well as the fact that all students on campus have research that needed to be done. Everett was not theRead MoreTiananmen Square Incident(1989) - compare to 1984.1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe monstro us event that happened on June 4th, 1989 will be forever remembered as one of the most tragic days in human history. However, many decades ago, this event was foreseen and was foretold in the book, 1984, by George Orwell. Orwell saw the rise of totalitarianism, and he was deeply disturbed by what he saw. He believes totalitarianism will be the method that communist party adopts to fight freedom. The book foreshadows many of the events that will happen in a communist society. In many ways

Ethnology and Ethnography Free Essays

Word Count: Dana Trippe Anthropology Essay #2 10/1/2012 There are two major approaches to collecting information about human culture: ethnography and ethnology. Each approach has a specific goal. Each approach employs a variety of methods for data collection and analysis, all of which carry benefits but also challenges. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnology and Ethnography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with the challenges of data collection, field anthropologists face an additional set of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. Anthropology is a difficult field but provides an important perspective on cultural diversity. Ethnography and Ethnology both attempt at reaching certain goals. Ethnography is a written description of a culture based on data gathered from fieldwork, characterized by two methods, participant observation and interviews. When an anthropologist is researching through participant observation, they are attempting to study a culture while still trying to maintain the eye of an objective observer. Another form of getting data for ethnography is through interviews. Through interviews, either formal or informal, the anthropologist is attempting to gather and collect notable data. Formal interviews are more scripted and reduce the situational bias the anthropologists may experience. Informal interviews are more open ended questions that allow the informant to talk about what they think is more important in their culture. These interviews can help paint a more actual description of culture of what their beliefs and lifestyles are, instead of an â€Å"ideal culture†. Sterk stated that the interviewer becomes much more involved in the interview when conversations are in-depth, more than when a structured questionnaire is being used (Sterk 2000: 27). Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. Ethnology is the comparative study of cultures with the aim of presenting analytical generalizations about human culture. Anthropologists do not rely on data from just one study to make interpretive statements about human conditions (Lenkeit: 16). Ethnology also uses forms of quantification, to help make their data easily comparable, and recordable. Ethnography employs two methods of research, articipant observation and interviews. . This method can give an accurate view of the culture from an insider’s perspective. To truly discover the bits and pieces of a culture, subculture, or micro culture, one must commit to spending extensive time in that cultural environment (Lenkeit: 13). In the field, anthropologists can also deal with daily challenges. These challenges can inclu de food problems, safety and health issues, , culture shock, and are also very prone to catching diseases (Lenkeit 2012: 56). Napoleon Chagnon endured an incident with his health while doing fieldwork with the Yonomamo people of Southern Venezuela. Chagnon recounted that he reacted violently to something in the field, and red welts appeared all over his body. He was weak, nauseated, thirsty, and couldn’t breathe well. The pain was rough but it can be something most anthropologists will experience in the field. † (Chagnon 1974: 174) In American culture, privacy is something people expect to have, and may even take for granted. Martha Ward reported her work with the people of Pohnpeian as a constant challenge. She said that privacy is a bad word in Pohnpeian, but she craved privacy like a physical ache and lusted to be alone (Lenkeit 2012: 56). Chagnon also yearned for privacy while in the field. He said the hardest thing to learn to live with was the incessant and often aggressive demands and threats they would make. Chagnon recounted that day and night for almost the entire time he lived with the Yanomamo, he was plagued by such demands as: ‘If you don’t take me with you on your next trip to Widokaiyateri, I’ll chop a hole in your canoe! ’ and ‘Give me an ax or I’ll break into your hut when you are away and steal all of them! ’ he was bombarded by such demands day after day, until he could not bear to see a Yanomamo at times (Chagnon 1968: 5). It can be very challenging to become adjusted to the cultures lifestyle, where these constant problems occur. Ethnographers also conduct their research through interviews. Interviews are a direct way to gather information, but sometimes they can be faulty. Informal and formal interviews can both come with benefits. They both give in-depth information about the subjects lives, coming directly from the subject. But, there are cases where the informant will give false information, idealize their lives, and simply not want to cooperate. Chagnon used interviews to record genealogical lines of the Yanomamo people. When Chagnon attempted to record all of the names and family lines of the Yanomamo people, they would give false information. They have very stringent name taboos and eschew mentioning the names of prominent living people as well as all deceased friends and relatives. The Yanomamo did not have much entertainment in their lives, so they took any chance they could get to mess around with the â€Å"white man† and get entertainment from it. Each ‘informant’ would try to outdo his peers by inventing a name even more preposterous than what Chagnon had been given by someone earlier. Chagnon 1968: 6) Also, it can be hard to construct interviews when there are language barriers, such as language. Chagnon did not know what language the Yanomamo spoke, because he was the first civilized white man to come into their village. Chagnon had to go back to his years of childhood, where language had to be slowly and carefully learned. It took him a long time to finally understand th e language, but after, he could get descriptive information from the villagers about their history and culture (Video). Ethnology includes methodological approaches of making comparisons and quantifications. Comparisons can help the anthropologist compare current and previously recorded data. They can see differences across different cultures, and changes that have occurred over time within a culture. Comparisons are commonly made within one culture. Sterk found that there were vast differences between the prostitutes living on the streets, and those living in crack houses. Those who lived in crack houses were less likely to give informal interviews because they always had their pimp looking over their shoulder. Also she made comparisons on when the women made their customers wear condoms. They would make their decisions depending on the different types of partners, types of sex acts, and social context. (Sterk 2000: 26). Another form of comparisons is across two different cultures. When Laura Bohannon was doing fieldwork with the Tiv of West Africa she found that the village was formed around story telling. They wanted to hear a story of hers so she went on to tell the story of Hamlet, and could instantly pick up on differences in their cultures. When Bohannon told them that Hamlet was sad his mother had married so quickly, and had not waited the two year mourning period. The villagers objected â€Å"two years is too long! Who will hoe your farms for you while you have no husband? † and when she said Hamlet talked to his dead father, they screamed â€Å"Omens cannot speak! † The villagers changed the story to their liking, so that it would fit their standards better (Bohannon 1966: 2). Cultures all are unique and have different standards that go hand in hand with them. Other comparisons are ones that can be made over time, which can also be the faultiest data. When Margaret Meade went to Samoa for fieldwork in the 1930’s, she collected data that the girls in Samoa were quite promiscuous. When Anthropologist, Derrick Freeman, went to Samoa to update the data in the 1970’s he reported that the girls were actually very shy and not promiscuous. Comparisons can lead to misleading data, because a culture may have changed drastically over a certain period of time. This comparison is variable because the definition of â€Å"promiscuous† could have changed over that many years and even the Samoan standards could have changed. (Lecture 9/10/12) The other ethnological method is that of quantification. Quantification is the anthropologist translating their studies into numerical or quantitative data. Humans can see information quantified every day, from the daily weather reports, to political poles. (Lecture 9/10/12) Numerical data gives good magnitude and is easy to compare. Usually to collect this data they use samples. They can use a random sample that tries to eliminate bias by giving everyone an equal chance to get interviewed. Samples can usually be very faulty, for the reason that sample sizes are usually not big enough, and to not represent enough people or information to make an accurate assessment of a culture. This data gives people a better understanding of data but can sometimes be manipulated and misleading (Lenkeit: 64). Ethnology and Ethnography can each come with their own sets of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. These issues usually appear when the anthropologist is in direct contact with their research and subjects. Numerous ethical and moral issues appear when the anthropologist is in the field of participant observation and it can be hard for them to stay objective. Anthropologists prepare themselves for these challenges with resources like the American Anthropologist Association. Because Anthropologists can find themselves in complex situations and are subject to more than one code of ethics, the AAA code of ethics provides a framework, not an iron clad formula, for making decisions. (Lenkeit: 50) Claire Sterk was doing fieldwork with a group of prostitutes in the New York area, where she came across these kind of decisions. The women would repeatedly refuse to make the men they slept with to wear condoms, even though the risk of HIV and AIDS was huge in their lives. She as concerned for them, but also could not get too involved in fear of insulting the women. There is an ethical line for anthropologists that can often become blurry. (Sterk 2000:26) With these methods, there is the challenge of ethnocentrism, because if an anthropologist thinks that their culture is the center of the world, they will not be able to comprehend other cultures in an objective way, and instead think of them as primitive beings that are not living the right way. Anthropologists mu st remember to enter their fieldwork using the perspective of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the idea that and aspect of a culture must be viewed and evaluated within the context of that culture. In cultures like the Massai, where female circumcision is regarded from a different perspective by the rest of the world, people must use cultural relativism to understand their practices. According to their traditions and practices, it is meant to have a positive rather than a negative effect on the girl. It is supposed to reduce a woman’s desire for sex and reduce immorality. Another thing is that traditionally, it is a rite of passage. It marks the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood. The fact that their practices are much different than those of more developed cultures shouldn’t lead to them being seen harshly or as less intelligent. (Olekina 2006) With this perspective anthropologists can more objectively describe a cultural system and all of the customs, beliefs, and activities, that fit into it. This approach leads to a greater awareness, tolerance, and acceptance of the culture the anthropologist is studying. (Lenkeit 2012:17) Anthropologists collect most of their data through ethnology and ethnography. They must overcome the obstacles in order to get to the goals that Ethnography and Ethnology try to reach. When doing fieldwork, moral and ethical issues can plague anthropologist’s research, and they learn to adapt to these issues in order to gather necessary data, observation, interviews, comparisons, and quantification all have their own ways of deriving information. Each method has its faults, and can be misleading, but all anthropological methods attempt to unravel all of the bits and pieces that make a culture what it is. How to cite Ethnology and Ethnography, Essay examples

Advanced Financial Accounting and Reporting

Question: Describe about the role of revenue recognition has been recognizing as a crucial part in performance reporting of the organizations? Answer: Introduction The role of revenue recognition has been recognizing as a crucial part in performance reporting of the organizations. The regulations of IASB shows that the companies should make it mandatory for recognizing the correct revenue transactions so that the financial statements are not overstated. The assignment deals in producing a critical review of the journal on the role of revenue recognition in performance reporting (Olsen and Weirich, 2010). Summary The journal critically attempts to evaluate the importance of inclusion of the different types of revenue and incomes in the financial reports. The major reason for this debate is the internet bubble of 1990 that was a result of the revenue showed in the annual reports of the web-based companies. The journal further discusses about the concepts of revenue recognition and the type of information they provide to the financial statement users (Wagenhofer, 2014). For reviewing the journal, it can be suggested that the main problem, which the author highlights within the journal, is the risks and the types of revenue that should be included to make the financial report as per the standards of the IASB. The journal in its latter part also shows an analysis of the improved revenue recognitions standards of IASB (Coe and Delaney, 2013). The revenue recognition concept affects all industries particularly the telecommunications, real estate, biotech, consumer retailers and service industries. Jackling, Howieson and Natoli, (2012) opined that revenue are the main source of income for this types of industries thus the non disclosure of the revenue will affect the financial statement of these industries (Wagenhofer, 2014). Although the journal do not state the concerned stakeholders who are interested in the financial statements, however Munter (2002) argued that the government, customers, suppliers, creditors and the employees will be interested about the financial reports. Although the revenue recognition policy will affect all companies adopting IFRS accounting standards, however the author for the convenience of discussion uses US GAAP as examples. The major problem that the author highlighted is that except for simple business transactions it is difficult for the accountants to recognize the types of revenues that s hould be included in the financial report (www.ey.com, 2015). The other portion of the article also focuses on the alternative options of revenue recognition, the IFRS norms in relation to revenue recognition, the critical factors that contribute to revenue recognition process and the risks involved in the revenue recognition process. The overall article mainly aims in theoretically evaluating the importance of revenue in the organizations rather than focusing on the practical implications of wrong revenue recognition on the financial performance of the organization (Detzen and Zlch, 2012). Key points and critique A critical review of the article shows that the author stressed initially on providing the various concepts of revenue recognition and its influence. However, the negative aspect of the article lies in the descriptive evaluation that the author provides in the conceptual part of the article. The other aspect of the article is the difference between the asset liability approach and the revenue expense approach. The positive aspect of the article is the identification of the critical events that gives rise to recognition. The article shows that the financial reporters and the IASB regulators are striving to promote a single revenue recognition principle that would be adopted globally by all organizations. However, Nobes (2006) suggested that the use of a single principle for all individual revenue transactions would not make the organizations successful in recognizing the revenues and producing an effective financial report. Moreover, the discussion of conservatism within the journal can also be argued. The article states that organizations should forgo the conservative revenue recognition approach introduced by the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) and should totally adopt the neutral recognition principle introduced by FASB. However, Sy, Tinker and Okcabol (2012) argues that use of conservatism approach helps the organizations to record earnings that are also important financial information for the investors. Mostafa Hasanen and Ali Mohamed Abo Talib (2014) also provides evidence to support the fact that conservatism reduces the managers ability to manipulate the financial data in the annual reports (Wagenhofer, 2014). The article also focuses on describing of the critical events that result in recognition of the revenue. Previously the normal and daily transactions like the sales, fees, royalties, interests were treated as sources of revenues. However, the IASB has formulated the standards for the events that will help the organization and the individual to recognize the revenues that are to be recorded in the financial statement (Nobes, 2012). The new standards consider that for a transaction to be recorded as a revenue transaction the organization should show a valid and acceptable contract between the company and the customer. The general principle stated that when the transfer of goods takes place between two parties then the transaction can be recorded as a recognition of revenue. However the IASB standard added that when the party takes the control of the goods or services only then the transaction may be recorded as a revenue transaction and can be recorded. Bellandi (2012) suggested that t his is a good method because at time the good or the services after the transfer of the ownership may be returned back to the supplier. However, in such cases the supplier has already recorded revenue in the financial accounts, which will tend to increase the profit of the business. However if the new policy is followed then the supplier will recorded the revenue after the confirmation of the ownership control of the buyer on the good or service and there will be no prospects of future return. In a positive attempt, the article tries to explore the importance of revenue in determination of the size of the business and future forecasts. Phillips (2011) opined that in majority cases it is seen that the organization forecasts the future revenue based on the past revenue data available. Hence it is very important for the financial analyst to record the correct revenue transactions so that the financial performance is not shown in an exaggerated manner. However Altamuro et al. (2005) contradicted suggesting that the use of the stringent regulations of revenue recognition as guided by the FASB will make decrease the amount of revenue for an organization thereby leading to low forecast rate and reduction in the size of the organization (Cottrell, 2005). Analysis The article shows the relevant points in the context that revenue recognition is an important aspect in financial performance analysis. Some of the factors mentioned within the article are convincing however, there are issues in some of the other viewpoints. The author however seemed unbiased in presentation of the article inputs and purely focused on the arguments and comments of other academic journals (Shamrock, 2012). The importance of revenue recognition in the performance evaluation of companies successfully establishes the main theme of the article (Wagenhofer, 2014). However, the author cannot successfully relate the importance to the industry scenarios. The article is thus not relevant in providing real and global prospects of the importance of revenue recognition. The article shows the alternative concepts of revenue recognition as well and further provides the difference between the revenue-asset approach and the asset-liability approach. However, Ram and Newberry (2013) c ommented that except for theoretical and conceptual difference there is no practical difference between the two approaches. Since the article is not able to provide significant practical examples in the context of the difference between the two approaches hence it can be relatively, concluded that the adoption of either of the two approaches is feasible. The FASB standard suggests that the revenue expense approach is followed by the organizations adopting FASB norms (Caylor, 2010). On the contrary, the asset liability approach deals with recognition of revenue as soon as the revenue arises. In this case, the contract can be partly completed or totally completed. Conclusion Thus a critical evaluation of the alternative approaches shows that since a single approach that is the revenue asset based approach is followed hence the suggestion about two alternative approaches are irrelevant in this context and the presentation of difference between the two concepts is also irrelevant (Barker and McGeachin, 2012). Reference list Altamuro, J., Beatty, A. L., and Weber, J. (2005). The effects of accelerated revenue recognition on earnings management and earnings informativeness: Evidence from SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101.The Accounting Review,80(2), 373-401. Barker, R. and McGeachin, A. (2012). The Recognition and Measurement of Liabilities in IFRS.SSRN Journal. Bellandi, F. (2012).The handbook to IFRS transition and to IFRS U.S. GAAP dual reporting. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. Caylor, R., 2010. Strategic revenue recognition to achieve earnings benchmarks. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 29 (1), 8295 Coe, M. and Delaney, J. (2013). Trabeck prepares for IFRS: An IFRS case study.Journal of Accounting Education, 31(1), pp.53-67. Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical thinking skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Detzen, D. and Zlch, H. (2012). Executive compensation and goodwill recognition under IFRS: Evidence from European mergers.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 21(2), pp.106-126. Jackling, B., Howieson, B. and Natoli, R. (2012). Some Implications of IFRS Adoption for Accounting Education.Australian Accounting Review, 22(4), pp.331-340. Mostafa Hasanen, S. and Ali Mohamed Abo Talib, D. (2014). A proposed model to address convergence determinants, IFRS FASB: measurement disclosure of revenue recognition "the case of Egypt".International Journal of Academic Research, 6(3), pp.269-285. Munter, P. (2002). Revenue recognition and restructuring continue to receive FASB attention.J. Corp. Acct. Fin., 14(1), pp.77-80. Nobes, C. (2012). On the Definitions of Income and Revenue in IFRS.Accounting in Europe, 9(1), pp.85-94. Nobes, C. W. (2006). Revenue recognition and EU endorsement of IFRS.Accounting in Europe,3(1), 81-89. Olsen, L., and Weirich, T. R. (2010). New revenueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ recognition model.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,22(1), 55-61. Phillips, R. (2011). Efficient frontiers in revenue management.Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 11(4), pp.371-385. Ram, R. and Newberry, S. (2013). IFRS FOR SMEs : THE IASB'S DUE PROCESS.Australian Accounting Review, 23(1), pp.3-17. Shamrock, S. (2012).IFRS and US GAAP. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Sy, A., Tinker, T. and Okcabol, F. (2012). IFRS and the FASB: a marriage not made in heaven.AJESD, 1(4), p.329. Wagenhofer, A. (2014) The Role of Revenue Recognition in Performance Reporting, Accounting and Business Research, 44:4, 349-379. www.ey.com, (2015).Applying IFRS in Telecommunications. [online] Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Telecommunications_The_revised_revenue_recognition_proposal/$FILE/Applying%20IFRS%20Revised%20revenue%20recognition%20proposal_telecoms.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015].